
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it.
Banking
sector reforms in India were introduced in order to improve efficiency
in the process of financial intermediation. It was expected that banks would
take advantage of the changing operational environment and improve their performance.
Towards this end, the Reserve Bank of India initiated a host of measures
for the creation of a competitive environment. Deregulation of interest rates
on both deposit and lending sides imparted freedom to banks to appropriate price
their products and services. To compete effectively with non-banking entities,
banks were permitted to undertake newer activities like investment banking,
securities trading and insurance business. This was facilitated through
amendments in the relevant acts which permitted PSBs to raise
equity from the market up to threshold limit and also enabling the entry
of new private and foreign banks. This changing face of banking led to
an erosion of margins on traditional banking business, promoting banks
to search for newer activities to augment their free incomes. At
the same time, banks also needed to devote focused attention to operational
efficiency in order to contain their transaction costs. Simultaneously with
the deregulation measures prudential norms were instituted to strengthen the
safety and soundness of the banking system. Recent internal empirical
research found that over the period 1992-2003, there has been a
discernible improvement in the efficiency of Indian banks. The
increasing trend in efficiency has been fairly uniform, irrespective of
the ownership pattern. The rate of such improvement has, however, not
been sufficiently high. The analysis also reveals that PSBs and private
sector banks in India did not differe significantly in terms of their
efficiency measures. Foreign banks, on the other hand, recorded higher
efficiency as compared with their Indian counterparts.



